This study describes the verification of Wind Atlas Analysis and Application program (WAsP) modelled average wind speeds in a complex terrain. WAsP model was run using data collected at 3 masts: Kalkumpei, Nyiru and Sirima using cup anemometers and wind vanes for the entire 2009 calendar year and verified using data collected by WindTracer LIDAR (light detection and ranging) for 2 weeks from 11th to 24th July 2009. Evaluating WAsP mean wind speed map using LIDAR data showed that Nyiru station provides the best data to model mean wind speed over the wind farm domain with a mean difference of 0.16 m/s, root mean square error of 0.85 m/s and Index of Agreement of 0.61. Construction of a 310 MW windfarm has commenced at this site. Once completed, the windfarm will be operating 365 vestas V52-850kW turbines.

Water quality modeling facilitates a better understanding of the processes occurring in a water body as well as the conservation programs to address them. The WASP model was used in this study to evaluate the amount of nitrate and phosphate pollution in Miankala Wetland. The wetland environment was divided into 76 sections with morphological, environmental and flow details as input to the model. The monthly concentration of nitrate and phosphate parameters during 8 sampling periods (2018-2019) from the lagoon water and 6 stations of Dahaneh-ye Chopoghli, Miyan Ghaleh, Bandar-e-Gaz, Gharehsu, Ismaeilsay and Galogah were introduced as the input to the model. Calibration and validation of the model were done using 4 primary and secondary statistical periods, respectively. The performance evaluation of the model based on the three indices of R2, RMSE and CP showed the acceptable performance of the model in simulating the studied parameters. The simulated nitrate concentration in all stations was within the permissible range (1.81-32.42). The concentration of phosphate was on the other hand higher than the allowed range (0.016-0.070) in all stations, which indicates the deterioration of water quality in the lagoon. Therefore, the correct management of wastewater discharge from different centers, quantitative and qualitative monitoring of the Wetland water, and the use of organic fertilizers in agricultural lands and aquaculture farms can control and prevent the increase of phosphate and nitrate pollution in the Wetland.

Agricultural, industrial and wastewater pollution loading on the river has become the biggest problem in water resource pollution. Kor river is an important water resourse in Fars of Iran. Larg industrial centers like Petrochemical center, Yek and yek, Azmayesh and Marvdasht shuger factory, also drainage backwater of agricultural land has made pollution problem in this river. In this research we are going to model the effect of point and non-point source pollution loading on Kor river by WASP model.

Discharges of urban, hospital, industrial and agricultural drainage wastes into rivers not only reduce the quality of river, but also it has irreversible effect on ecosystems. Estimation of pollution loads from various contaminants is important in quality and quantity planning of water resources. Pasikhan River is one of the major rivers of Guilan that is at risk of pollution due to adjoining to residential areas, fish ponds and paddy fields and their discharge of drains. In this research a new approach include of simultaneous application of water quality model and satellite images were studied to estimate the loading of pollution from agricultural activities in Pasikhan River. For this purpose, the WASP model was used to simulate spatial and temporal trend of nitrate and phosphate in Pasikhan River. For model calibration and validation, the quality of the river including of nitrate and phosphate was analyzed in 1390. The model simulated nitrate and phosphate with a determination coefficient 0.84 and 0.89 respectively. After determining the cultivation area of paddy fields in the study area and using the DEM map, nitrate and phosphate pollution loads into the river was estimated by calibrated model.Comparing observed pollution load (16.0 and 1.68 kg/ha) and model estimation (14.18 and 1.40 kg/ha) in terms of nitrate and phosphate, show appropriate accuracy of method for estimating pollution in agricultural land.

Plant development can be defined as a programmed qualitative change in plant form, which leads plant to maturity, and researchers call it as phasic development or phenology. Recognizing the timing of occurring each development stage is necessary for managing system in order to yield increment. The timing of occurring development stages depend on climate, genotype specifications and sowing date then determination of these times in different regions is difficult and it is only possible through the using of crop simulation models which can predict the timing of occurrence each development stage by integrating effective factors. The model was constructed based on linear equation of plant temperature response. In order to model evaluation two experiments were carried out in agricultural and natural resources research center of Khuzistan in 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 cropping years. Wheat development stages were determined based on Kirby and Appleyard’s scale by stereoscopic microscope and required GDD for each development stage as well. The constructed model was calibrated and run for simulation. Comparison of simulated and observed data showed that the model can strongly predict wheat development stages.

A study on larval parasitoids of carob moth larvae, Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller (Lep.: Pyralidae), was carried out in 2006-2007 in pomegranate orchards located in Qom province, Ghale-Cham, at 15 Km in southern west of Qom city, and in Saveh within Markazi province. Two species of ichneumonid parasitoids were collected and identified by the last author. This is the first report of these two species from Iran and also the first report of parasitism of carob moth larvae by these two species.

Objective(s): This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of wasp venom (WV) from Vespa magnifica on antithrombosis in rats with inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis. Materials and Methods: The thrombosis rat model was established by improving the IVC stenosis, in which rats were subjected to IVC ligation for 75 min. Rats were administered argatroban (IP) or WV (s. c. ) for 4 hr after IVC thrombosis. The weight, inhibition rate, and pathological morphology of the thrombosis induced by IVC ligation and the variation in four coagulation parameters, coagulation factors, and CD61+CD62P+ were simultaneously determined in IVC rats. Results: The thrombus formed as a result of IVC ligation was stable. Compared with the control group, the weight of the thrombus was significantly reduced in the argatroban group. Thrombus weight was reduced by treatment with 0. 6, 0. 2, and 0. 05 mg/kg WV, with inhibition rates of 52. 19%, 35. 32%, and 28. 98%, respectively. Inflammatory cells adhered to and infiltrated the vessel wall in the IVC group more than in the sham group. However, the pathological morphology and CD61+CD62P+ of the WV treatment groups tended to be normal. Conclusion: We improved the model of IVC thrombosis to be suitable for evaluation of antithrombotic drugs. Our findings demonstrated that WV could inhibit IVC thrombosis associated with reducing coagulation factors V and CD61+CD62p expression in rats.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate WASP7. 3 model in simulation of drainage water quality of paddy fields in Nodeh and Nopashan villages of Someh Sara township located in F4 unit of Sefidrood irrigation and drainage network. To evaluate the model, drainage discharge and drain water quality at nine sections of drainage and nine drainage inlets and outlets were measured and introduced to the model. Model sensitivity analysis showed that in simulation of salinity and nitrate, drainage discharge was effective, while in simulation of orthophosphate and ammonium, in addition to drainage discharge and diffusion coefficient, phosphate dissociation coefficients in water column (orthophosphate), nitrification rate, and temperature coefficient of nitrification (ammonium) were more sensitive. Results showed that discharge, nitrate, orthophosphate, ammonium, biological oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, and salinity were simulated with normalized root-mean-square error of, respectively, 0. 166, 0. 176, 0. 143, 0. 283, 0. 148, 0. 179 and 0. 156. According to the results, the accuracy of the model simulation in the study area was classified as acceptable for all parameters, except for ammonium, and is recommended for simulating drain water quality. Due to the limitation of the model to obtain the number of discharge functions of the input and output sources to the drainage channel, application of the model in the main paddy field drainage canals that have fewer inputs than field drainage, can improve the simulation results.